Author Archives: admin

On Becoming a Nietzschean Society

Friedrich Nietzsche (1844-1900) claimed there are no facts only interpretations. In his view there was no objective fact about what has value in itself – culture consisted of beliefs developed to perpetuate a particular power structure. The system, if followed … Continue reading

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On the Average Man

During the 1830s there was a shift from the enlightened or rational man to the average man. The rise of statistics in the 19th century attests to the loss in faith in the power of individual reason with respect to … Continue reading

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On the Emperor’s New Clothes

The class orientation of past regimes was public and open. The monarchy, the church, and the nobility ran matters for their own interest. In the last half of the 19th century during the first era of globalization the new rich … Continue reading

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The End of History – A Journey

The Enlightenment was a movement to displace the dogged adherence to established opinions and customs, and to enlighten a population the system had kept in the dark. Voltaire (1694-1778) relied upon his books to spread the light (knowledge) across Europe. Georg … Continue reading

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On Self-actualization

Georg Hegel (1770-1831), philosopher and historian, had to decide what to retain and what to jettison of the French Enlightenment tradition that had permeated German culture. From the Enlightenment he chose freedom of action, not just freedom of thought. The … Continue reading

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On the Equality of Taxation

The Age of Enlightenment of the 18th century saw the intellectual maturation of the humanist belief in reason as the supreme guiding principle in the affairs of mankind. The Enlightenment introduced critical thinking to replace the dead weight of tradition … Continue reading

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Aristotle and Freedom

Plato developed his concept of freedom in a perfect society – describing an ideal way to structure our society. Aristotle approaches the problem from an individualistic point of view – freedom depends on people’s ability to communicate freely and effectively. … Continue reading

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The High Cost of Sugar

During the 17th and 18th centuries sugar accounted for one third of Europe’s entire economy. After the Seven Years’ War France chose to retain the sugar producing island areas of Haiti and Guadeloupe, and cede Canada to Britain. By the … Continue reading

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On Transforming Rationalization

John Locke (1632-1704) believed that one should use reason to search after truth rather than simply accept the opinion of authorities or be subject to superstition. Used properly, reason could determine the legitimate functions of institutions and optimize the functioning … Continue reading

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Plato and the Healthy Community

Athens and Sparta, two of the most powerful Greek city-states, had fought as allies in the Greco-Persian Wars between 499 and 449 BCE. The half-century following the Persian Wars Athens grew as a maritime power and prospered. As Athens grew … Continue reading

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